Salient Features of the Indian Constitution: Exam-Oriented Guide for SSC, UPSC & Railway Aspirants.

Salient Features of the Constitution:

 

"The Constitution of India is the most important law of our country. It tells us how the country will run, how the government will work, what powers it will have, and what rights the people will get.
It was adopted on 26th November 1949 and came into force on 26th January 1950, which we celebrate as Republic Day.

The Indian Constitution is one of the largest and most detailed constitutions in the world. It has many special features that make it different from the constitutions of other countries. These are known as the salient features of the Constitution."

 

1. Features of the Constitution-

 

Key Points:

  Longest written Constitution in the world.
  Blend of rigidity and flexibility.
  Federal structure with unitary features.
  Guarantees Fundamental Rights and Duties.
  Independent Judiciary and Parliamentary System.

 

Explanation:

The Indian Constitution stands out due to its unique features, making it a must-know topic for exam prep:

• Longest Written Constitution: With 448 articles, 12 schedules, and over 100 amendments, it’s the longest written Constitution globally. This length ensures every aspect of governance is covered, from rights to administrative rules.  
• Rigidity and Flexibility: Some parts, like Fundamental Rights, require a special majority (two-thirds of Parliament) to amend, making it rigid. Other parts, like citizenship laws, are flexible and can be changed easily. This balance allows adaptation to changing times.
• Federal with Unitary Features: India has a federal system, dividing power between the Central Government and States (e.g., through the Seventh Schedule). However, during emergencies (e.g., Article 356, President’s Rule), it shows unitary traits, centralizing power.
• Fundamental Rights and Duties: It provides six Fundamental Rights (e.g., right to equality, Article 14–18) and ten Fundamental Duties (e.g., respect the national flag, Article 51A), balancing individual freedoms with national responsibilities.
• Independent Judiciary: The Supreme Court and High Courts operate independently, protecting the Constitution and citizens’ rights (e.g., via Article 32 for remedies).
• Parliamentary System: The government is run by the Prime Minister, accountable to the Lok Sabha, reflecting a democratic setup.

Exam Tip: Memorize the adoption date (November 26, 1949) and enforcement date (January 26, 1950) for MCQs.

 

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2. Criticism of the Constitution-

 

Key Points:

  Criticized for being lengthy and complex.
  Borrowed heavily from other constitutions.
  Includes nominated members, raising representation issues.
  Language is legalistic and hard to understand.
  Centralization of power during emergencies.

 

Explanation:

While the Indian Constitution is admired, it has faced significant criticism, an important topic for UPSC and SSC exams:

• Lengthy and Complex: With 448 articles, critics argue it’s too detailed, making it difficult for common citizens to understand. This length was necessary to address India’s diversity but is seen as a drawback.
• Borrowed Provisions: It draws from the Government of India Act, 1935, the US Constitution (e.g., Fundamental Rights), the UK (Parliamentary system), and others. Critics say this lacks originality, though supporters argue it adapted global best practices.
• Nominated Members: The Constituent Assembly included nominated members (e.g., from princely states), raising concerns about democratic representation. This is a frequent MCQ point.
• Legalistic Language: The use of complex legal terms makes it inaccessible to the average person, limiting its practical reach.
• Centralization of Power: During emergencies (e.g., Article 356), the Central Government can impose President’s Rule, leading to accusations of undermining federalism. The 1975 Emergency is a key example.

Ideal for focused preparation